Trial By Fire By Jo Davis Epub Format

Epidemiological studies are also prone to exposure misclassification due to their dependence on the use of exposure data from air quality monitoring stations or satellite images [85]. The broad approach applies exposure data based on smoky days, smoky area, scale of burnt forests, or air pollutant levels for the entire region [48, 54, 118], but does not consider individual-specific differences such as activity level, time spent indoors versus outdoors, and wind direction changes that may drastically affect the actual concentration of wildfire smoke. Total suspended particle levels from a study on biomass smoke derived from agricultural combustion of sugar cane, for example, may not specify particulate size information that is toxicologically relevant [16]. It has been shown that the amount of wood combustion in a city does not necessarily guarantee that the measured PM10 levels are representative of wood smoke exposure [44, 135].

A growing number of studies have implicated exposure to wildfire smoke as a risk factor for CVD. However, significant knowledge gaps regarding the association remain. Future epidemiological studies would benefit from improved exposure assessments and the implementation of more sensitive indicators of cardiovascular dysfunction. Similarly, the development of new methodologies could allow researchers to acquire individualized wildfire smoke exposure assessment, capturing more accurate exposure data [26, 27]. In addition to index air pollutants, future studies should also consider the impact of VOCs, which may be an important driver of wildfire smoke effects. Besides large-scale morbidity and mortality data, the identification of sensitive biomarkers should warrant information on the early onset of injury and on the underlying mechanisms of cardiovascular effects induced by wildfire smoke exposure. Since the direct evidence is lacking, more research is needed on how wildfire smoke exposure induces cardiovascular effects through the autonomic nervous system and directly impacts the vasculature. Novel mechanistic concepts including the role played by circulating miRNAs and cell-free DNA in the circulation on endothelial activation and injury should also be investigated.

While he was preparing for a new trial, a member of the U.S. prosecution team at the Nuremberg trials told him that in Germany he would find evidence of direct links between the Nazi government and prominent Americans. He left for Europe on April 4 and conducted an investigation that included conversations with 66 people, including Hermann Göring, the former head of the Luftwaffe, the German air force, and Joachim von Ribbentrop, who had been the Nazi's foreign minister.[15][16] The report that Rogge authored disturbed Attorney General Tom Clark, who determined it would have to remain a secret internal document because of the prominent names it mentioned, including that of Sen. Burton Wheeler, a friend of Clark.[17] Within days of Clark's decision, syndicated columnist Drew Pearson, reported details from Rogge's report. Pearson likely obtained a copy of Rogge's work indirectly from Clark, who could then blame Rogge for making the information public.[18]

There were three primary outcomes: all-cause mortality, major macrovascular events (a composite of nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death), and major clinical microvascular events (a composite of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), defined as requirement for renal-replacement therapy; death induced by renal disease; requirement for retinal photocoagulation; or diabetes-related blindness in either eye). The secondary outcomes were cardiovascular death, fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal or nonfatal stroke, ESRD or renal death, and requirement for retinal photocoagulation or blindness. Outcomes were adjudicated by an independent End Point Adjudication Committee in the ADVANCE trial, through to the end of randomized treatment, and were reported by investigators without adjudication in the ADVANCE-ON study, in accord with its pre-specified protocol [17]. Information about the occurrence of study outcomes and of all serious adverse events was reported at the time of occurrence between visits. When study outcomes or serious adverse events occured, the responsible investigator of each centre ensured that the event was reported immediately by completing a serious adverse events form. The data and safety monitoring committee regularly reviewed all such events for each centre.

Formerly an independent kingdom and today part of the Czech Republic, Bohemia was absorbed into the Austrian Habsburg monarchy in 1526. Without a complete judicial record it is only possible to estimate that there were about 400 executions for witchcraft. Almost all of these were adjudicated in the town courts, as in Poland, and were individual prosecutions. There were no mass prosecutions or witch-panics in Bohemia. As in Hungary, Poland, and the eastern territories of Austria, witch- trials in Bohemia continued into the eighteenth century. A trial in 1756, in which Maria Theresa overturned a death sentence, was probably the last of its kind in the kingdom.

Prosecutions for witchcraft in Switzerland varied in intensity from one canton to another, which altogether executed as many as 5,000 witches. Some of the earliest trials in which witches were tried for attending the sabbath as well as for maleficia took place in the Alpine regions of the western cantons. The execution-rate also varied considerably, from a low of 21 per cent in the republic of Geneva to 90 per cent in the Pays de Vaud. The last legal execution for witchcraft in Europe took place in the canton of Glarus in 1782.

The northern Netherlands, which proclaimed its independence from Spain in the 1570s and became a republic known as the United Provinces of the Netherlands, had a remarkably restrained record of witch-hunting. Although Dutch courts had the authority to torture witches, they rarely did so, and the trials in the Republic claimed only about 160 lives in all. The Dutch Republic was also the first country in Europe to bring witch trials to an end in the first decade of the seventeenth century. A tradition of sc epticism regarding witchcraft exemplified by Erasmus of Rotterdam in the early sixteenth century, Johannes Wier (Weyer) in the 1560s, and the catholic priest Cornelius Loos in the 1590s, contributed to a reluctance to convict accused witches. The massive demonological treatise The Enchanted World (1691-3) by the Dutch Calvinist minister and biblical scholar Balthasar Bekker, delivered a blow to the belief in witchcraft among the educated throughout Europe. 2b1af7f3a8